Sentence Pattern

Adverb [time] + Subject + 在 + adverb [place] + verb [single] + object
This pattern is used to describing a person doing something which explain the object, in certain place and at what time.

昨天我在那家餐廳吃麵
zuó tiān wǒ zài nà jiā cān tīng chī miàn

昨天 = yesterday [adverb of time]
我 = I, me [subject]
在那家餐廳
在 = at, in, on [preposition]
【在 + place / location】
【在 + tempat / lokasi】
那 = that [itu]
家 =
This time, the 家is a measure word for building, restaurant which means “a” or “an”
If in a sentence using 家 regarding to person, it means family.
[satuan kata hitung untuk bangunan, restoran yang berarti sebuah. Jika dalam kalimat menggunakan家 yang mengarah kepada orang, maka 家 artinya keluarga.]

餐廳 = restaurant [restoran] – place
吃 = eat [single verb]
麵 = noodle [object]
吃麵 = VO [verb + object]

You can use this following pattern as an alternative [no need the preposition在.]

Subject + Adverb [time] + 去+ adverb [place] + verb [single] + object.
我昨天去百貨公司買衣服。
I yesterday went to mall to buy a clothes.

Subject + Adverb [time] + 去+ adverb [place] + verb [combination] + 的時候
this pattern is used for past action:

我上個月去美國旅遊的時候，…
When I traveled USA last month, …

or you can use this pattern:
at the time of / right on that time / when + do something.
Saat + melakukan sesuatu

For example:
我去年去美國旅行的時候，天天吃墨西哥烤蝦捲餅。
Wǒ qǜ nián qǜ měi guó lǚ xíng de shí hou, tiān tiān chī mò xī gē kǎo xià jüǎn bǐng.
When I was traveling USA, I ate Grilled shrimp taco everyday.
Ketika saya jalan jalan ke Amerika, saya makan tako udang goreng setiap hari.

Subject + 去 + place / location + verb
Or
Subject + 到 + place / location + 去 + verb
This sentence pattern is used when you want to say why you are in some certain place, so it has “verb” in this sentence pattern to explain what you are doing there.

我去學校上課。
我到學校去上課。
I go to school for studying.

到…去 = go to
【到 + place + 去】
到…來 = come to
【到 + place + 來】

【didalam bahasa mandarin, ketika kita berkata pergi ketempat sesuatu maka kita tidak boleh lupa untuk memberitahukan ACTION nya 】

都 = the subject indicates plural, means all
[menunjukkan kata jamak pada subjek yang berarti semuanya]

…,….,…, subject + 都 + verb.
This pattern to describe many things you adore, like or can do. And in …,…,… field you can add noun or action.

For example:
看電影，看書，打電腦, 我都喜歡。
Kàn diànyǐng, kànshū, dǎ diànnǎo, wǒ dū xǐhuan.
I like watching movie, read book and play computer.
Saya suka nonton bioskop, baca buku dan main komputer.

日文，印尼文，中文，我都學會了。
Rìwén, yìnní wén, zhōngwén, wǒ dū xuéhuìle.
I learnt well Japanese, Indonesian and mandarin.
Saya sudah bisa bahasa Jepang, Indonesia dan Mandarin.

流行音樂，古典音樂，媽媽都愛聽。
Liúxíng yīnyuè, gǔdiǎn yīnyuè, māmā dōu ài tīng.
mother love to listen pop music and classic.
Ibu senang mendengar music pop dan klasik.

游泳，打籃球，滑冰，小陳都會做。
Yóuyǒng, dǎ lánqiú, huábīng, xiǎo chén dūhuì zuò.
Xiao chen can swimming, play basket ball and water ski.
Xiao chen bisa berenang, berbain basket dan water ski.

在 【介系詞】+ place = at, in, on – preposition [di]
在 + verb = the 在 describing something is going on, the action is in progress [sedang]

上 = to go, enter [masuk]

Verb + 完 =
done, finished + verb
[selesai + kata kerja]

Verb + 過 =
ever done something, 過 = ever
[pernah melakukan sesuatu, 過 = pernah]

我去過Hanamasa餐廳吃飯
wǒ qǜ guo Hanamasa cān tīng chī fàn
I've ever been to Hanamasa Restaurant for having meal.
Saya pernah makan di restoran Hanamasa

一...就...
一 + verb1 + 就 + verb2
Means, soon after doing first action, then one does another action.
[begitu 【一】 + aksi pertama + langsung 【就】 + aksi ke 2]

他一看完電視就睡覺。
tā yí kàn wán diàn shì jiù shuì jiào
soon after finished watching tv then he goes to sleep.
setelah selesai nonton tv ia langsung tidur.

那個人一到來，我就出去。
nà ge rén yí dào lái, wǒ jiù chū qǜ.
soon after that person arrived, i just go out.
segera setelah orang itu tiba, saya langsung keluar.

送...去 =
送 + object + 去 + place, location
To deliver + the object [person or things] + to + location
Mengantar + object [benda / orang] + ke + lokasi

爸爸送我去學校
Father deliver me to school.

或者 / 還是
或者 =
or – in statement [atau – yang digunakan dalam kalimat positif]
“or” in Mandarin has 2 words, one is used in statement sentence
and the other is used in interogative sentence.
還是 is used when questioning something.

你喜歡這個東西還是那個東西？
Which one do you like, this one or that one?

跟 = with [dengan]
Subject + 跟 + object + 【一起】+ verb
This sentence pattern is used when you want to say
I or someone do something together with another one.
I and my friends do homework together
我跟朋友們一起做功課

禮拜 – 星期 
week – seven days [seminggu – 7 hari]
So 禮拜五 means, the fifth day in a week, then it means Friday.
禮拜日、禮拜天 = Sunday
You can alter use 禮拜 and 星期, both have same meaning.

要
1. want [when there’s option, to choose, choice etc]
F.E: 我要這個，我不要那個東西。
2. should [when give suggestion]
When your friend get sick, you can suggest her/him by saying:
你今天看起來生病了，你要看醫生囉！
3. will, future tense [indicated by the adverb of time]
我明年要去北京旅行。

多少 & 幾
多少 = how much
幾 = how many

多少is used for any quantity , but smaller quantity use 幾, usually from 2 to 12.
For adult age, we cannot ask about people’s age using 幾 but:

你多大了？
Nǐ duō dà le?
How old are you?

For early age, we can use 幾
你幾歲?
Nǐ jǐ suì?
How old are you?

Is the same way when we counting money,
When the price of a goods is cheap [under 10$] we can use 幾, for example we see a candy,
Then we ask seller:
這顆糖果幾塊錢？
Zhè kē táng guoǐ jǐ kuài qián?
How much is this candy?

But when u ask someone about the degree, we know the number we used for temperature in summer must be big number [at least more than 15 degree] so we can not use 幾 to ask about degree
今天多少度？
Jīn tiān duō shao dù?

又 + adj/verb +又 + adj/verb
Both are …
Udah begini juga begitu.

This pattern of 又
Usually is used for negative situation or condition
even when you confuse of taking decision.
For example:
小明又想去，又不想去。
Xiǎo míng yòu xiǎng qǜ, yòu bù xiǎng qǜ。
Little Ming cannot take decision whether he want to go or not?
Xiao ming antara mau pergi dan tidak. [bingung]

今天天氣又颳風又下雪
Jīn tiān tiān qì yòu guā fēng yòu xià xüě。
Today the temperature both windy and also snowing.

Duration
Verb + duration + 的 + object

Time duration:
一秒鐘yì miǎo zhōng = one second [satu detik]
一分鐘 yì fēn zhōng = one minute [satu menit]
一刻鐘 yí kè zhōng = a quarter hour [seperempat jam]
三刻鐘 sān kè zhōng = fourty five minutes [3/4 jam]
半個鐘頭 bàn ge zhōng tou = half an hour [setengah jam]
半個小時 bàn ge xiǎo shí = half an hour / 30 minutes [setengah jam]
一個小時 yí gè xiǎo shí = one hour [satu jam]
一個半小時 yí gè bàn xiǎo shí = a half hour [satu setengah jam]
一天 yì tiān = one day [satu hari]
一個星期 yí gè xīng qī [xīng qí] = a week [satu minggu]
一個禮拜 yí gè lǐ bài = a week [satu minggu]
一週 yì zhōu = a week [satu minggu]
一個月yí gè yüè = a month [satu bulan]
一年 yì nián = a year [satu tahun]

For example:
他放了一個月的假。
Tā fang le yí gè yüè de jià

Taken from word 放假 [To have holiday],
we can put the duration between this verb: 放假.

Meaning:
He gets a month of holiday.
Ia dapat liburan selama satu bulan.

Future tense in Mandarin always characterized by the period of time [adverb of time: tomorrow, next year etc].
Let’s see the future tense in mandarin which included the duration:

Subject + adverb [timing] + auxiliary verb + 去+ place + verb + duration + 的 + object.
他明年可能會去美國讀五年的課。
tā míng nián kě néng huì qǜ měi guó dú wǔ nián de kè
He possibly will go to USA next year to learn for 5 years.

【Ia kemungkinan tahun depan akan ke amerika untuk belajar selama 5 tahun.】

她明年想要帶孩子去美國，上半年的英文班。
Tā míng nián xiǎng y ào dài hái zi qǜ měi guó, shàng bàn nián de yīng wén bān.
She will bring children to go to USA next year, for attending the half year English class.

【ia tahun depan akan membawa anaknya ke Amerika untuk belajar bahasa Inggris selama setengah tahun】

Auxiliary verb 【助動詞】
可能會 = may be
可以 = can
要 or 想要 = will
應該 = surely, must


Except, when you use preposition and tell one place, then we cannot add the duration between the verb.

Subject + 在 + place + verb + duration [time].

For example:

他在墨西哥住了兩年。
tā zài mò xī gē zhù le liǎng nián
在 is a preposition which means at, in, on in English.
This sentence means
He stayed in Mexico for 2 years

Excersice:
He eats noodle in 5 minutes.
He read this book for one hour.
Yesterday he played basket ball for half an hour.
He everyday play game for three hours.

是 + sentence + 的
Is used to emphasizes the past action, time, place etc

我是在美國讀書的。
Wǒ shì zài měiguó dúshū de.
I surely was studying in USA.

我是昨天晚上去朋友家的。
Wǒ shì zuótiān wǎnshàng qù péngyǒu jiā de.
I was going to friend’s house yesterday.

那是我做的。
Nà shì wǒ zuò de.
That was i did.

小明什麼時候來的？
Xiǎomíng shénme shíhou lái de?
When did Xiao ming come?

我是在日本出生的。
Wǒ shì zài rìběn chūshēng de.
Sure, I was born in Japan.

看上去 【像】+ object + 一樣
Look [like]
Kelihatannya [seperti]

You can use 一樣 or not if you think it’s not necessary.

他看上去像我朋友一樣
Tā kàn shang qü xiàng wǒ péng yǒu yí yàng。
He looks like my friend.
Ia seperti teman saya.

那位老師看上去三十歲左右。
Nà wèi lǎo shī kàn shang qü sān shí suì zuǒ yòu
That teacher seems approximately 30 years old.
Guru itu sepertinya kurang lebih berusia 30 tahun.